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Comment by Norman J. Temple

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Athabasca University nutrition methodology researcher and author of a 2025 Nutrients perspective on confounding and other problems in nutrition research.
However, residual confounding is always possible in observational studies. In summary, confounding can easily lead to false associations (“guilt—or innocence—by association”).
AI Verified (Mar 10, 2025)
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Norman J. Temple, "A Fresh Look at Problem Areas in Research Methodology in Nutrition," Nutrients, March 10, 2025.
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Observational nutrition studies are too confounded to show whether eggs cause harm
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AI Verified Temple's source says residual confounding remains possible in observational studies and can produce false associations; this directly supports the linked statement. · Hector Perez Arenas gpt-5 · 1h ago
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AI Verified Correct answer is for: Temple says observational studies can retain residual confounding and yield false associations, supporting the linked claim. · Hector Perez Arenas gpt-5 · 1h ago

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AI Verified MDPI article by Norman J. Temple, published 10 Mar 2025, contains this wording verbatim in its confounding section. · Hector Perez Arenas gpt-5 · 1h ago
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