Comment by Gregory C. Allen

There are a lot of other places in the world that possess extraordinary technological capability that is relevant to great power competition, including that with China. The October 7th export controls that the Biden Administration adopted to restrict the sale of advanced AI chips and advanced chipmaking equipment to China, I believe, was one of the two most important decisions the Biden Administration made in foreign policy last year. Other than Russia's war in Ukraine, that was probably the most important thing that happened. It really did fundamentally change our relationship with China for a long period of time. I would say the challenge is that export controls are not a foolproof solution. One Chinese company, Yangtze Memory Technologies Co (YMTC), which is a memory chip producing company, reportedly in 2021, had had 800 people employed full time for more than 2 years trying to develop alternatives to American technology in order to avoid export controls. The entire U.S. Export Control Agency is only 300 people.