Nations should negotiate a binding international treaty on AI safety, similar to nuclear non-proliferation

international-relations ai-ethics ai-regulation ai-safety research-policy regulations ai-policy ai-governance policy

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Arguments for

Cross-border coordination

Proponents say AI safety and security pose challenges that no single country can address alone, because AI development and risks are cross-border and cannot be contained by excluding rivals. They argue that regulation of advanced or superintelligent AI therefore has to be global and managed together.

AI safety and security raise challenges that no single country can address alone. France and Germany are already discussing concrete, impactful projects that will advance our shared roadmap on AI and strengthen our voice in the global conversation on AI safety and security.

Anne Le Hénanff · Jul 17, 2026 · full quote
Because something with such power, with such profound implications for our economies, our social systems, our defence and therefore our peace and security, but especially for even our homes, our food, our children's bedrooms, can only be meaningfully and safely managed together.

Annalena Baerbock · Jul 6, 2026 · full quote
No nation, alliance or bloc can secure the safety of artificial intelligence by excluding its rivals. Intelligence encoded in software cannot be fenced. Export controls delay; they do not prevent. Every strategy of exclusion invites the excluded to build in parallel, in secret, a…

Alexandra Carvalho · Jul 5, 2026 · full quote
Artificial intelligence cannot effectively be regulated by national approaches alone. International coordination is necessary to manage the cross-border nature of AI markets and risks, to prevent regulatory fragmentation, and to safeguard common democratic and ethical principles.

Wade Hoxtell · Mar 25, 2026 · full quote
Given that AI research and development can be conducted, in effect, anywhere, regulation of the development of superintelligent AI is going to have to be global.

Viscount Camrose · Jan 26, 2026 · full quote

Enforceable rules

Supporters contend that voluntary principles, summits, and self-regulation are not enough for a technology with major safety, security, and rights implications. They call for binding international rules that are enforceable nationally and supra-nationally and backed by evidence, inspection, audit, or other verification.

Legal and governance frameworks must therefore be enforceable nationally and supra-nationally, voluntary principles are important, but they are not enough.

Russell Dlamini · Jul 6, 2026 · full quote
I strongly believe that we must build an international framework that allows AI to develop in a safe, trustworthy, and human-centered way. Take the military application of AI as a very real and concerning example. As AI integrates into defense systems and the conduct of warfare, …

Luc Frieden · Jul 6, 2026 · full quote
An agreement that cannot be verified is an aspiration, not an accord. Compliance with these principles must be demonstrable through evidence, inspection and independent audit.

The Global AI Accord · Jul 5, 2026 · full quote
We need diplomacy focused on ending the AI arms race, and we need verifiable international agreements so that no company or country creates systems that can't be controlled.

Steven Adler · Jan 26, 2026 · full quote
If there is one clear takeaway from the India AI Impact Summit, it is that these gatherings have time and again proven largely irrelevant and ineffective at advancing binding rights protections or the safeguards necessary in the context of immense AI investment. [...] States must…

Erika Guevara Rosas · Feb 20, 2026 · full quote

Prevent arms races

A treaty is framed as a way to curb a technological arms race, avoid a dangerous race to superintelligence, and stop advanced AI from being used to dominate others militarily, politically, or economically. Some proponents explicitly compare the danger to nuclear threats and call for crisis protocols, pauses, or bans on the most dangerous systems.

We recommend an international deal between all major world powers to avoid a dangerous race to superintelligence.

AI Futures Project · Jul 9, 2026 · full quote
Finally, it is imperative to establish a shared framework — also at the international level — in order to curb the technological arms race and ensure robust protection for civilians and the infrastructures necessary for their survival.

Pope Leo XIV · May 15, 2026 · full quote
Making progress towards a treaty to ban superintelligence — an artificial mind smarter than any human, capable of operating independently beyond our control. At the height of the Cold War, Reagan and Gorbachev found a way to negotiate nuclear arms control. The existential risk po…

Bernie Sanders · May 11, 2026 · full quote
International AI safety treaties, modeled on nuclear arms control, should mandate capability transparency, establish shared safety research hubs, and define joint crisis protocols to pause development if dangerous emergent behaviors are detected.

Peter L. Hays · Jan 2026 · full quote
The simplest form of treaty would be something like this, that the countries agree that if they do develop advanced AI: * That it will be done in a safe way. So maybe using techniques like Scientist AI or whatever else we have strong assurances for. * Second, that they wouldn’t u…

Yoshua Bengio · May 7, 2026 · full quote

Inclusive global governance

Some supporters emphasize that AI governance should be inclusive, with all nations participating as equals, developing countries' rights respected, and the benefits of advanced AI shared on an equitable basis. In this view, a treaty is also a way to bridge digital divides and build a global agreement at the service of humanity.

AI technologies should be shared and governed by all countries, so that they can benefit all countries on an equitable basis, serve the sustainable development of all humanity, and bridge both the global AI and digital divides and the North-South gap.

Xi Jinping · Jul 17, 2026 · full quote
Pakistan, therefore, calls for safety norms to be developed through inclusive multilateral processes under the United Nations, where all nations participate as equals.

Government of Pakistan · Jul 7, 2026 · full quote
First of all, the adoption of an international framework for AI governance which respects all and which has clear international rules respecting the rights of developing countries and the sovereign rights of countries to equitably be represented in their data, amongst other thing…

Almadou Ag Iliane · Jul 7, 2026 · full quote
Principles are necessary, but without mechanism and measurable progress, they are not sufficient. Algeria reiterates its commitment to arriving at a just, responsible global agreement at the service of humanity.

Sid Ali Zerouki · Jul 6, 2026 · full quote

Existing institutional models

Backers point to the Council of Europe Framework Convention as the first binding international AI treaty and to new intergovernmental AI institutions as evidence that states can move beyond declarations. They present these initiatives as practical building blocks for wider global rules.

Poland therefore welcomes the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI, the first binding treaty to place AI within the order of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.

Rafal Kownacki · Jul 7, 2026 · full quote
First, let's sign and ratify the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. This is not a declaration of intent. It is the first binding international treaty of its kind anywhere in the world and Europe wrote it. Colleagues, let'…

Petra Bayr · Jun 24, 2026 · full quote
The AI Convention is binding, but flexible. And it is built not just for Europe, but for every country that believes AI must work for people — not over them.

Alain Berset · Jan 21, 2026 · full quote
The Agreement specifies that the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization is an independent intergovernmental international organization that follows the purposes of the UN Charter, upholds the vision of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits…

World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization · Jul 16, 2026 · full quote
During the Conference, the signing ceremony of the Agreement on the Establishment of the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO) was held in Shanghai. WAICO will be the world’s first intergovernmental international organization on AI.

2026 World Artificial Intelligence Conference & High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance · Jul 17, 2026 · full quote

Arguments against

Feasibility doubts

Opponents argue that countries see their own AI systems as a source of competitive advantage, so mutually binding standards with real teeth are unlikely in the near term. They are pessimistic not only about securing international agreement, but also about creating any body able to enforce it.

There is no common international standard, and I do not see there being one any time soon, because people see their own system as providing them with a form of competitive advantage that they are unlikely to be willing to give up in the name of international standard setting.

Chris Bates · Jun 16, 2026 · full quote
The U.S. and China won’t move in lockstep on AI safety, and forging mutually binding agreements with real teeth is probably not possible right now.

Matt Sheehan · Jul 23, 2026 · full quote
There seems to be little chance of seeing an international agreement on the approach to be taken, let alone having a body with powers to enforce decisions.

Lord Stevenson of Balmacara · Jan 29, 2026 · full quote
I am therefore pessimistic about getting an international dialogue going on the basis of a moratorium, and I think, as the noble Lord just said, that we have to act on our own recognisance.

Baroness Neville-Jones · Jan 29, 2026 · full quote

Agile non-binding cooperation

Some critics say voluntary cooperation and non-binding MoUs are better suited to AI security because they can adapt as challenges arise without stifling innovation. On this view, AI is an appropriate area for flexible cooperation rather than rigid treaty obligations.

Voluntary cooperation between the two is the only AI security approach agile enough to meet challenges as they arise without stifling innovation.

Katie Strickland · Jul 7, 2026 · full quote
MoUs are entirely appropriate. Co-operation on AI, which we have mentioned, could be a really good candidate for a non-binding agreement in this regard.

Nicolette Butler · Jun 16, 2026 · full quote

Sovereignty concerns

Another objection is that global AI governance would hand authority to centralized international bodies whose mandate, competence, or political neutrality are disputed. Critics say that would sacrifice national self-determination and risk ceding influence to bodies shaped by authoritarian visions of control.

We totally reject global governance of AI. We believe AI adoption cannot lead to a brighter future if it is subject to bureaucracies and centralized control. Prioritizing AI for your people does not mean joining international efforts that are either purely symbolic or a sacrifice…

Michael Kratsios · 2026 · full quote
We totally reject all efforts by international bodies to assert centralized control and global governance of AI. [...] Ideological fixations on social equity, climate catastrophism and so-called existential risk are dangers to progress and obstacles to responsibly harnessing this…

Michael Kratsios · Sep 24, 2025 · full quote
a significant overreach of the U.N.'s mandate and competence [...] AI governance is not a matter for the U.N. to dictate. [...] We will not cede authority over AI to international bodies that may be influenced by authoritarian regimes seeking to impose their vision of controlled …

Lauren Lovelace · Feb 12, 2026 · full quote

Poor nuclear fit

Skeptics argue that a nuclear-style treaty is a poor analogy because AI can be developed, in effect, anywhere and may not be safeguarded in a way comparable to nuclear materials. They warn that a one-sided moratorium or ban could mainly restrain compliant states while adversaries, rogue states, or terrorists continue unchecked.

But the nuclear governance model is actually not a good one for regulation of Artificial General Intelligence.

Ian J. Stewart · 2023 · full quote
It is also not clear that AI can be safeguarded in a way that’s comparable to nuclear materials.

Ian J. Stewart · Jun 9, 2023 · full quote
For me, a one-sided moratorium which ties our hands behind our backs while the likes of North Korea and the al-Qaedas of the world crack on: no, I am afraid that that worries me even more.

Lord Markham · Jan 29, 2026 · full quote
Our authoritarian adversaries, like Russia and China, and rogue states like North Korea are not going to sign up to this ban, he said. [Automated weapons] will completely change the speed and efficiency with which armies can kill the other side, he said. They will be weapons of …

Malcolm Davis · 2017 · full quote

Middle ground

Military-first focus

Some quotes support legally binding instruments first or especially for lethal autonomous weapons and AI in nuclear operations, arguing that existing efforts have fallen short and that systems that cannot be lawfully controlled should be prohibited. This narrower approach focuses treaty-making on the highest-risk military applications.

So far, other national and multilateral efforts to establish rules of the road and/or legally-binding restrictions on AI uses in the military domain have fallen well short of what is necessary to address the risk of AI in nuclear operations.

Daryl G. Kimball · Jul 14, 2026 · full quote
This policy brief argues that states should negotiate a legally binding Treaty for Autonomous Weapons built around a two-tier model: prohibiting systems that cannot be lawfully controlled and regulating all remaining autonomous weapon systems through concrete duties on design, te…

Edmarverson A. dos Santos · Jul 10, 2026 · full quote
Sri Lanka has been strongly advocating for a legally binding instrument to address the challenges and concerns raised by emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems, in particular through the ongoing and valuable work of the Group of Governmental Expert…

Sumith Dassanayake · Jun 16, 2026 · full quote
It is imperative that states initiate a global process toward a binding international instrument that bans and strictly regulates autonomous weapons systems (AWS).

Privacy International · Jun 17, 2026 · full quote
New, legally binding rules are urgently needed.

International Committee of the Red Cross · Jun 17, 2026 · full quote

Flexible treaty design

A number of proposals try to reconcile legal force with flexibility by calling for a treaty that is binding but flexible, uses technical bodies to revise thresholds, and can move from voluntary pilots to mandatory certification. This approach treats treaty design itself as a way to answer concerns about obsolescence and rigidity.

The AI Convention is binding, but flexible. And it is built not just for Europe, but for every country that believes AI must work for people — not over them.

Alain Berset · Jan 21, 2026 · full quote
The treaty would establish an international body—an AI Safety Organization—to administer it: a technical secretariat and inspectorate, a scientific panel to set and revise thresholds, a conference of parties as the decision-making organ, and a mechanism to update annexes without …

Naoto Nakada · May 15, 2026 · full quote
Crucially, the treaty should delegate the exact numbers to a technical body empowered to revise them, because any fixed figure written into the text will be obsolete within a few years.

Thomas Holland · May 15, 2026 · full quote
The framework addresses the demonstrated failure of industry self-regulation, proposes a treaty-based governance structure with anti-capture provisions, and outlines a phased implementation roadmap from voluntary pilot to mandatory certification within five years.

Abdul Awan · Feb 14, 2026 · full quote

Insights

Supporters use different definitions of AI safety, ranging from superintelligence and extinction risk to autonomous weapons, children's protection, surveillance, human rights, and democracy.
Several opponents do not reject AI risk outright; their objections focus instead on feasibility, sovereignty, agility, or the suitability of the nuclear analogy.
Verification is a recurring fault line: proponents stress inspections, audits, transparency, and technical oversight, while skeptics question whether AI can be monitored like nuclear materials.
The Council of Europe Framework Convention is repeatedly cited by supporters as proof that binding AI agreements are already possible, even if not yet global in scope.
The pro-treaty case is voiced across governments, international organizations, NGOs, researchers, and parliamentarians, showing that support is not confined to a single policy community.

The debate features a broad push for international legal rules, often justified by AI's cross-border nature, the perceived limits of voluntary commitments, and fears of military escalation or catastrophic loss of control. Opposition concentrates less on denying risk than on whether a global treaty with meaningful enforcement is achievable or wise, given competitive incentives, sovereignty concerns, and doubts that the nuclear model maps cleanly onto AI. As a result, the argument turns as much on institutional design and political feasibility as on the level of danger AI poses.

Cast your vote:

Results (118 votes):

Total (118 votes)

For 105 (89%) Abstain 0 (0%) Against 13 (11%)

For (101)

Anne Le Hénanff
French Minister for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Affairs.

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votes For and says:

AI safety and security raise challenges that no single country can address alone.
AI Verified source (Jul 17, 2026) 1 of 2

added 2d ago

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Delegate
2026 World Artificial Intelligence Conference & High-Level Meeting on Global AI Governance
Intergovernmental conference on global AI governance held in Shanghai in July 2026.

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votes For and says:

During the Conference, the signing ceremony of the Agreement on the Establishment of the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization (WAICO) was held in Shanghai. WAICO will be the world’s first intergovernmental international organization...
more AI Verified source (Jul 17, 2026)

added 13d ago

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Xi Jinping
President of the People's Republic of China.

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votes For and says:

AI technologies should be shared and governed by all countries, so that they can benefit all countries on an equitable basis, serve the sustainable development of all humanity, and bridge both the global AI and digital divides and the North-South gap...
more AI Verified source (Jul 17, 2026)

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Wang Yi
Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China; Director of the Office of the Central Foreign Affairs Commission

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votes For and says:

On July 16, 2026, the signing ceremony of the Agreement on the Establishment of the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization was held in Shanghai. Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Foreign Minister Wang Yi ...
more AI Verified source (Jul 16, 2026)

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World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization
Intergovernmental organization on artificial intelligence established by agreement in Shanghai in July 2026.

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votes For and says:

The Agreement specifies that the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization is an independent intergovernmental international organization that follows the purposes of the UN Charter, upholds the vision of extensive consultation, joint co...
more AI Verified source (Jul 16, 2026)

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Lord Beamish
Labour life peer and former UK Member of Parliament.

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votes For and says:

This will have to be approached on an international basis. We also have to recognise that some of our adversaries will not be concerned about regulation. Is that not a challenge that we should face now?
AI Verified source (Jul 16, 2026)

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Daryl G. Kimball
Executive Director of the Arms Control Association; arms-control and nuclear-risk policy expert.

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votes For and says:

So far, other national and multilateral efforts to establish rules of the road and/or legally-binding restrictions on AI uses in the military domain have fallen well short of what is necessary to address the risk of AI in nuclear operations.
AI Verified source (Jul 14, 2026)

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Edmarverson A. dos Santos
Author of a 2026 policy brief on international-law rules, treaty design, and human control for autonomous weapons.

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votes For and says:

This policy brief argues that states should negotiate a legally binding Treaty for Autonomous Weapons built around a two-tier model: prohibiting systems that cannot be lawfully controlled and regulating all remaining autonomous weapon systems through...
more AI Verified source (Jul 10, 2026)

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AI Futures Project
Nonprofit AI forecasting research group behind AI 2027 and Plan A; led by Daniel Kokotajlo.

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votes For and says:

We recommend an international deal between all major world powers to avoid a dangerous race to superintelligence.
AI Verified source (Jul 9, 2026)

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Government of Poland
National government of Poland, speaking through its Ministry of Digital Affairs at the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance.

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votes For and says:

Poland therefore welcomes the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI, the first binding treaty to place AI within the order of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed Al Khalifa
Minister of Transportation and Telecommunications of Bahrain.

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votes For and says:

In collaboration with the Digital Cooperation Organization, the DCO, Bahrain is leading the efforts of exploratory work for initiating a study for a global AI treaty initiative aimed at strengthening international dialogue and cooperation on the gove...
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Government of Bahrain
National government of Bahrain, speaking through its Minister of Transportation and Telecommunications at the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance in July 2026.

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votes For and says:

In collaboration with the Digital Cooperation Organization, the DCO, Bahrain is leading the efforts of exploratory work for initiating a study for a global AI treaty initiative aimed at strengthening international dialogue and cooperation on the gove...
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Government of Austria
National government of Austria, speaking through its State Secretary in the Federal Chancellery at the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance.

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votes For and says:

The world needs a binding framework for the use of AI.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Rafal Kownacki
Director of the Department for International Cooperation at Poland's Ministry of Digital Affairs.

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votes For and says:

Poland therefore welcomes the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI, the first binding treaty to place AI within the order of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Government of Pakistan
National government of Pakistan, speaking through its delegation at the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance in July 2026.

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votes For and says:

Pakistan, therefore, calls for safety norms to be developed through inclusive multilateral processes under the United Nations, where all nations participate as equals.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Government of Bangladesh
National government of Bangladesh, speaking through its delegation at the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance in July 2026.

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votes For and says:

A comprehensive governance framework should combine binding legal obligations with ethical standards supported by an independent global evidence base and continued international dialogue to harmonize governance approaches.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026) 1 of 2

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Poland
National government of Poland, speaking through its Ministry of Digital Affairs at the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance.

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votes For and says:

Poland therefore welcomes the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI, the first binding treaty to place AI within the order of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Mexican Society for Artificial Intelligence
Academic association at Universidad Panamericana focused on artificial intelligence in Mexico.

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votes For and says:

In this context, a new international instrument on the governance of AI must prioritize interoperability and a set of legally binding rules that establishes the minimum mandatory standards that are truly applicable in all countries across all regions...
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Franco Giandana Di Gena
Policy analyst at Access Now.

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votes For and says:

We therefore echo calls for the adoption of human rights-centered binding legal standards and global governance mechanisms to regulate digital surveillance technologies and AI, also addressing chilling effects.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Almadou Ag Iliane
Mali's Minister of Communication, Digital Economy and Modernization of the Administration.

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votes For and says:

First of all, the adoption of an international framework for AI governance which respects all and which has clear international rules respecting the rights of developing countries and the sovereign rights of countries to equitably be represented in t...
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Kirti Bardhan Singh
India's Minister of State for External Affairs.

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votes For and says:

AI governance structure must reflect unity of purpose, and our divisions should not allow technology to outrun diplomacy. This Global Dialogue is not merely a forum, it is a deciding forum.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Government of Lithuania
Government of Lithuania speaking through its delegate at the UN Global Dialogue on Artificial Intelligence Governance in July 2026.

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votes For and says:

Council of Europe's Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law, the Vilnius Convention, represent a major milestone.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Shaikh Abdullah bin Ahmed Al Khalifa
Bahrain's Minister of Transportation and Telecommunications.

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Bahrain is leading the efforts of exploratory work for initiating a study for a global AI treaty initiative aimed at strengthening international dialogue and cooperation on the governance of AI-related risks.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Alexander Pröll
Austrian State Secretary for Digitalisation in the Federal Chancellery.

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Yesterday I came to this dialogue with one clear conviction: the world needs a binding framework for the use of AI.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Jamila Venturini
Co-Executive Director of Derechos Digitales, a Latin American digital-rights organization.

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We need binding commitments with transparency regarding AI and mandatory obligations for disclosure of resources of consumption.
AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026)

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António Guterres
UN Secretary-General

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Any future agreement must be worthy of global trust and put safety first – and especially children’s – to protect them from digitally-generated manipulation and abuse.
AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026) 1 of 2

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Sid Ali Zerouki
Algeria's Minister of Post and Telecommunications who spoke at the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance in July 2026.

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Principles are necessary, but without mechanism and measurable progress, they are not sufficient. Algeria reiterates its commitment to arriving at a just, responsible global agreement at the service of humanity.
AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026)

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Luc Frieden
Prime Minister of Luxembourg

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I strongly believe that we must build an international framework that allows AI to develop in a safe, trustworthy, and human-centered way. Take the military application of AI as a very real and concerning example. As AI integrates into defense system...
more AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026)

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Annalena Baerbock
President of the UN General Assembly

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Because something with such power, with such profound implications for our economies, our social systems, our defence and therefore our peace and security, but especially for even our homes, our food, our children's bedrooms, can only be meaningfully...
more AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026)

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Russell Dlamini
Prime Minister of Eswatini

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Legal and governance frameworks must therefore be enforceable nationally and supra-nationally, voluntary principles are important, but they are not enough.
AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026)

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Mikheil Kavelashvili
President of Georgia

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votes For and says:

This unprecedented concentration of power must not become an instrument of totalitarian control, a new digital tyranny that infringes upon national sovereignty and individual liberty. It is our shared responsibility to create a robust international l...
more AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026)

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Alexandra Carvalho
Independent researcher who initiated The Global AI Accord consultation text on binding international AI governance.

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votes For and says:

No nation, alliance or bloc can secure the safety of artificial intelligence by excluding its rivals. Intelligence encoded in software cannot be fenced. Export controls delay; they do not prevent. Every strategy of exclusion invites the excluded to b...
more AI Verified source (Jul 5, 2026)

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The Global AI Accord
Independent, non-commercial consultation text proposing binding international governance of artificial intelligence.

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votes For and says:

An independent, non-commercial consultation text proposing binding international governance of artificial intelligence, modelled on the Montreal Protocol.
AI Verified source (Jul 5, 2026) 1 of 2

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Petra Bayr
Austrian member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and President of the Assembly.

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First, let's sign and ratify the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. This is not a declaration of intent. It is the first binding international treaty of its kind anywhere in the world and Eur...
more AI Verified source (Jun 24, 2026)

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Danuta Jazłowiecka
Polish parliamentarian and member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

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At the end, let me remind you: two years ago, the Council of Europe adopted the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence. To date, only 20 countries and with them the European Union, on behalf of their member states, have signed the Convention...
more AI Verified source (Jun 24, 2026)

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Richard Baker
British parliamentarian and member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

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This report states that it is a "fallacious argument that regulation is an impediment to innovation" for AI, and it is the Council of Europe which has led the way on this vital issue with the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human ...
more AI Verified source (Jun 24, 2026)

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Larysa Bilozir
Ukrainian parliamentarian and member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

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votes For and says:

On 5 December 2024, the Council of Europe adopted the world's first legally binding international AI treaty, the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. And do you know what? Only 70 countries ...
more AI Verified source (Jun 24, 2026)

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Emmanuel Macron
President of France

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Our relevant agencies must first cooperate so that, in the areas of security and cybersecurity, we have a smooth government-to-government relationship.
AI Verified source (Jun 17, 2026)

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Sam Altman
CEO at OpenAI

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We need an international forum for discussion that establishes globally accepted standards for testing, provides expert and impartial analysis of capabilities and risks, and serves as a venue for cooperation among nations.
AI Verified source (Jun 17, 2026)

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International Committee of the Red Cross
Humanitarian organization

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New, legally binding rules are urgently needed.
AI Verified source (Jun 17, 2026)

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Privacy International
UK privacy and digital rights NGO.

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It is imperative that states initiate a global process toward a binding international instrument that bans and strictly regulates autonomous weapons systems (AWS).
AI Verified source (Jun 17, 2026)

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Sumith Dassanayake
Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the United Nations in Geneva.

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Sri Lanka has been strongly advocating for a legally binding instrument to address the challenges and concerns raised by emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems, in particular through the ongoing and valuable work of th...
more AI Verified source (Jun 16, 2026)

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TAISC
Organization that published a proposed treaty on artificial intelligence safety and cooperation.

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AI safety constitutes a global public good and requires robust international cooperation and shared regulatory efforts.
AI Verified source (Jun 2026)

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Treaty on Artificial Intelligence Safety and Cooperation
Named draft treaty proposing international AI safety cooperation, training-run restrictions, and a global oversight commission.

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Acknowledging that AI safety constitutes a global public good and requires robust international cooperation and shared regulatory efforts.
AI Verified source (Jun 2026)

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Center for AI and Digital Policy (CAIDP)
Digital rights NGO

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votes For and says:

The Center for AI and Digital Policy urges India to sign and ratify the International Treaty on AI, Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law.
AI Verified source (May 22, 2026)

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Iqbal Mohamed
UK Member of Parliament for Dewsbury and Batley; former pharmaceutical regulatory professional.

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Given the growing warnings from leading scientists, industry figures and Nobel laureates that advanced AI systems could pose existential risks on a par with nuclear or biological threats, does the Minister agree that the current reliance on voluntary...
more AI Verified source (May 20, 2026)

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Pope Leo XIV
Head of the Catholic Church

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Finally, it is imperative to establish a shared framework — also at the international level — in order to curb the technological arms race and ensure robust protection for civilians and the infrastructures necessary for their survival.
AI Verified source (May 15, 2026)

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Thomas Holland
Policy analyst at the Nakada Foundation to Save Humanity, writing on AI governance and superintelligence risk.

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Crucially, the treaty should delegate the exact numbers to a technical body empowered to revise them, because any fixed figure written into the text will be obsolete within a few years.
AI Verified source (May 15, 2026)

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CeSIA
French nonprofit organization focused on artificial intelligence safety policy and public awareness.

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CeSIA calls for binding international frameworks and a shared taxonomy of AI-related risks.
AI Verified source (May 13, 2026)

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Machine Intelligence Research Institute
Nonprofit focused on advanced AI safety

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votes For and says:

Like the nuclear nonproliferation agreements before it, the draft Agreement aims to prevent the proliferation of technologies that would be catastrophic for humanity if allowed to proceed unchecked.
AI Verified source (May 12, 2026)

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Machine Intelligence Research Institute (MIRI)
AI safety research institute

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votes For and says:

Like the nuclear nonproliferation agreements before it, the draft Agreement aims to prevent the proliferation of technologies that would be catastrophic for humanity if allowed to proceed unchecked.
AI Verified source (May 12, 2026)

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Joe Rogero
MIRI writer

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votes For and says:

Like the nuclear nonproliferation agreements before it, the draft Agreement aims to prevent the proliferation of technologies that would be catastrophic for humanity if allowed to proceed unchecked.
AI Verified source (May 12, 2026)

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Bernie Sanders
U.S. Senator from Vermont

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votes For and says:

Making progress towards a treaty to ban superintelligence — an artificial mind smarter than any human, capable of operating independently beyond our control. At the height of the Cold War, Reagan and Gorbachev found a way to negotiate nuclear arms co...
more AI Verified source (May 11, 2026)

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Yoshua Bengio
AI Pioneer, Turing Award winner

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votes For and says:

The simplest form of treaty would be something like this, that the countries agree that if they do develop advanced AI: * That it will be done in a safe way. So maybe using techniques like Scientist AI or whatever else we have strong assurances for. ...
more AI Verified source (May 7, 2026) 1 of 2

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Bonnie Docherty
Human rights lawyer and scholar

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A legally binding instrument is needed to adequately address this plethora of problems.
AI Verified source (Apr 28, 2026)

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Mogens Jensen
Danish parliamentarian and rapporteur at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

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votes For and says:

In particular, member states should, and I have a number of recommendations, clarify in their national legislation that text and data mining exceptions are not applicable to the training of AI systems. They should sign and ratify the Council of Europ...
more AI Verified source (Apr 23, 2026)

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Council of the European Union
EU Council of governments

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votes For and says:

The Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (the ‘Convention’) is hereby approved on behalf of the European Union.
AI Verified source (Apr 21, 2026)

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Connor Leahy
Conjecture CEO; AI safety researcher

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The primary prerequisite to even considering starting to work on a safe ASI plan is to have a global ASI ban and powerful enforcement already in place. Unsafe ASI is vastly easier to build than controlled ASI, and is on the same tech path.
AI Verified source (Apr 16, 2026)

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Wade Hoxtell
Researcher and author on international AI governance and regulation.

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votes For and says:

Artificial intelligence cannot effectively be regulated by national approaches alone. International coordination is necessary to manage the cross-border nature of AI markets and risks, to prevent regulatory fragmentation, and to safeguard common demo...
more AI Verified source (Mar 25, 2026)

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Neil deGrasse Tyson
Astrophysicist, author, science communicator

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votes For and says:

That branch of AI is lethal. We’ve got to do something about that. Nobody should build it. And everyone needs to agree to that by treaty. Treaties are not perfect, but they are the best we have as humans.
AI Verified source (Mar 24, 2026)

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Government of Sri Lanka
National government of Sri Lanka, represented at UN disarmament and AI-in-military-domain discussions.

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votes For and says:

While the existing IHL remains a normative framework to govern LAWS, we believe that it is necessary to explore beyond, particularly, a specific legally binding instrument to bridge the gaps and to address the unprecedented challenges posed by lethal...
more AI Verified source (Mar 16, 2026)

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Council of Europe
International organization promoting human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe.

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votes For and says:

The vote marks an important step in the EU’s internal procedure for concluding the Framework Convention and reflects institutional support for the first international legally binding treaty addressing artificial intelligence in the context of human r...
more AI Verified source (Mar 12, 2026) 1 of 2

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Campaign to Stop Killer Robots
Coalition to ban killer robots

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votes For and says:

Stop Killer Robots believes this text should be negotiated into a legally binding instrument.
AI Verified source (Mar 4, 2026)

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Chatham House
International affairs think tank

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Developing ‘off-the-shelf’ treaty frameworks and modular agreements that can be deployed rapidly when a crisis occurs.
AI Verified source (Mar 2026)

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David Wood
Chair of London Futurists and principal of Delta Wisdom; futurist and AI-safety advocate.

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votes For and says:

[P]arliamentarians seem ready to listen to the argument that what has previously been a headlong race to build superintelligence should be subject to a global, verifiable moratorium.
AI Verified source (Feb 21, 2026)

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Abdul Awan
AI governance researcher and author.

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votes For and says:

The framework addresses the demonstrated failure of industry self-regulation, proposes a treaty-based governance structure with anti-capture provisions, and outlines a phased implementation roadmap from voluntary pilot to mandatory certification with...
more AI Verified source (Feb 14, 2026)

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Rufo Guerreschi
Policy writer, Trustless Computing Association

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A binding AI treaty requires US-China co-leadership.
AI Verified source (Feb 5, 2026) 1 of 2

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Lord Clement-Jones
Tim Clement-Jones, Baron Clement-Jones CBE; Liberal Democrat peer; UK House of Lords AI policy expert

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votes For and says:

They call for international red lines to prevent unacceptable AI risks, including prohibiting superintelligence development, until there is broad scientific consensus on how it can be done safely and with strong public buy-in.
AI Verified source (Jan 29, 2026)

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Lord Hunt of Kings Heath
Stephen Hunt, Baron Hunt of Kings Heath; Labour peer; UK House of Lords; former Minister of State

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We cannot abdicate our responsibility to seek some kind of international agreement.
AI Verified source (Jan 29, 2026)

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Baroness Lloyd of Effra
Liz Lloyd; UK Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for AI and Digital Government (DSIT)

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votes For and says:

The convention is the world’s first international agreement on AI and considers it with regard to the Council’s remit of human rights, democracy and the rule of law, seeking to establish a clear international baseline that grounds AI in our shared va...
more AI Verified source (Jan 29, 2026)

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Steven Adler
AI safety researcher; Lawfare writer

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We need diplomacy focused on ending the AI arms race, and we need verifiable international agreements so that no company or country creates systems that can't be controlled.
AI Verified source (Jan 26, 2026) 1 of 2

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Wyatt Tessari L'Allié
Founder and Executive Director of AI Governance and Safety Canada.

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votes For and says:

The strongest card we can play is to advance global talks and solutions and lay the groundwork for an AI treaty that the U.S. and China might sign when the crisis hits and they realize they have no alternative.
AI Verified source (Jan 26, 2026)

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Viscount Camrose
Conservative hereditary peer and former UK government minister.

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Given that AI research and development can be conducted, in effect, anywhere, regulation of the development of superintelligent AI is going to have to be global.
AI Verified source (Jan 26, 2026)

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Alain Berset
Secretary General, Council of Europe

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votes For and says:

The AI Convention is binding, but flexible. And it is built not just for Europe, but for every country that believes AI must work for people — not over them.
AI Verified source (Jan 21, 2026) 1 of 2

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Baroness Foster of Aghadrumsee
Non-affiliated life peer and former First Minister of Northern Ireland

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votes For and says:

At a recent conference in Kuala Lumpur on responsible AI, a joint declaration was issued calling for international co-operation to establish global readiness for the responsible use of AI in the common interest of humanity. The declaration urged parl...
more AI Verified source (Jan 8, 2026)

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Michael Huang
Australian AI-safety advocate and parliamentary-submission author.

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In coordination with other nations, pass an international AI safety treaty, and establish an International AI Safety Institute.
AI Verified source (2026)

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Peter L. Hays
National-security scholar and author of the Federation of American Scientists report on AI and nuclear command, control, and communications.

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votes For and says:

International AI safety treaties, modeled on nuclear arms control, should mandate capability transparency, establish shared safety research hubs, and define joint crisis protocols to pause development if dangerous emergent behaviors are detected.
AI Verified source (Jan 2026)

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PauseAI
Global campaign to pause frontier AI

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This is our nuclear moment. Rapid AI advancement represents one of history’s most consequential and dangerous technological shifts. We demand that politicians and companies pause AGI development until international safety agreements are established. ...
more AI Verified source (Dec 31, 2025)

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Robi Rahman
AI governance writer, MIRI TGT

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An ASI nonproliferation agreement can be effective even without complete worldwide adoption.
AI Verified source (Nov 25, 2025)

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Marija Pejčinović Burić
Council of Europe Secretary General

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The Framework Convention is an open treaty with a potentially global reach. I hope [...] followed quickly by ratifications
AI Verified source (Sep 5, 2024)

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Vladimir Putin
President of Russia

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votes For and says:

Humanity has worked out certain rules related to the use of nuclear technologies, including those in the military field: non-proliferation. It formulated the rules for non-proliferation of delivery vehicles and nuclear technologies as such. There are...
more AI Verified source (Nov 24, 2023)

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Geoffrey Odlum
Former US diplomat, NSC director

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votes For and says:

Based on my experience over a long career as a US diplomat working on nuclear nonproliferation treaties, I fully support this letter calling for the negotiation of an international AI safety treat. History has demonstrated the effectiveness of intern...
more AI Verified source (Oct 30, 2023)

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Andrea Miotti
Founder and CEO of ControlAI

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governing nuclear technology to avoid a global catastrophe required international cooperation. [...] the development of advanced artificial intelligence.
AI Verified source (Sep 15, 2023)

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Peter Bittner
International relations commentator

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A bilateral U.S.-China agreement on AI regulation could be instrumental in managing this threat, using the NPT as a model.
AI Verified source (Aug 18, 2023)

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The FLI Team
AI safety think tank staff

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votes For and says:

The view that “mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war” is now mainstream, with that statement being endorsed by a who’s who of AI experts and though...
more AI Verified source (May 30, 2023)

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Seth Moulton
U.S. Representative from Massachusetts

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votes For and says:

Such an agreement would require a new verification organization, analogous to the International Atomic Energy Agency, [...]. But if we could achieve pathbreaking agreements on nonproliferation [...].
AI Verified source (2023)

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Eliezer Yudkowsky
AI researcher and writer

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Make immediate multinational agreements to prevent the prohibited activities from moving elsewhere. [...] preventing AI extinction scenarios is considered a priority above preventing a [...] nuclear exchange
Unverified source (2023) 1 of 2

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Fu Cong
Chinese arms control diplomat

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We should push forward negotiations on cyber space, outer space, artificial intelligence [...] concluding legally-binding international instruments or codes of conduct as soon as possible
AI Verified source (Nov 12, 2020)

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Future of Defense Task Force Report 2020
House Armed Services Committee report

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votes For and says:

Because of the United States’ commitment to human rights, and to ensure those rights are enshrined in its use, the United States should lead in the formulation and ratification of a global treaty on artificial intelligence in the vein of the Geneva C...
more AI Verified source (Sep 23, 2020)

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Lord Fairfax of Cameron
Scottish hereditary peer; Conservative member of the UK House of Lords; AI safety advocate

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votes For and says:

In the face of these threats, I urge the Government to take the following steps: first, to publicly recognise that superintelligence poses an extinction threat to humanity; secondly, for the UK to prevent the development of superintelligence on its s...
more Unverifiable source (Jan 8, 2026)

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Lord Strasburger
Liberal Democrat life peer

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A moratorium and binding international regulation of ASI is, frankly, our only hope, however hard it will be to agree. It will be even harder to enforce, but we have to do it; there is no choice.
Unverifiable source (Jan 29, 2026) 1 of 2

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Sundeep Waslekar
Strategic Foresight Group president

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votes For and says:

The agreement should establish an upper limit on computing power: [...] Think of this as an inverse Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
Unverifiable source (2025)

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Akash Wasil
Lawfare contributing writer

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votes For and says:

The IAEA presents a clear verification methodology that could be used as a model for AI governance. The organization is responsible for promoting nuclear security by preventing nuclear proliferation, promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and ...
more Unverifiable source (Nov 20, 2024)

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Pope Francis
Head of the Catholic Church (2013–2025)

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votes For and says:

I urge the global community of nations [...] to adopt a binding international treaty that regulates the development and use of artificial intelligence in its many forms.
Unverifiable source (2023)

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Gustavo Petro
President of Colombia.

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There needs to be global and public regulation of artificial intelligence. There needs to be an international treaty under international law.
Disputed source (Jul 17, 2026)

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Ullas Gargi
Engineer in Trust & Safety at Meta; commenter on the July 2026 Pacing the Frontier statement.

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votes For and says:

The way we solved the potentially catastrophic (widespread crop loss & skin cancer, global warming amplification) ozone hole problem caused by a global good (air conditioning) via international treaty is an inspiring model for how we can ensure that ...
more Unverifiable source (Jul 2026)

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Naoto Nakada
AI governance researcher and founder of the Nakada Foundation.

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votes For and says:

The treaty would establish an international body—an AI Safety Organization—to administer it: a technical secretariat and inspectorate, a scientific panel to set and revise thresholds, a conference of parties as the decision-making organ, and a mechan...
more Unverifiable source (May 15, 2026)

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Erika Guevara Rosas
Amnesty International senior director

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If there is one clear takeaway from the India AI Impact Summit, it is that these gatherings have time and again proven largely irrelevant and ineffective at advancing binding rights protections or the safeguards necessary in the context of immense AI...
more Disputed source (Feb 20, 2026)

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Demis Hassabis
Nobel laureate, AI Researcher and CEO of DeepMind

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It's very important that we have international summits to bring the international community together [...] make sure the opportunities benefit the whole world
Disputed source (Feb 18, 2026)

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Delegate
Anthony Aguirre
Physicist; Future of Life cofounder

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votes For and says:

The assurance dilemma has a solution in the form of assurance mechanisms: processes that allow parties to verify compliance with agreements. [...] Nuclear non-proliferation treaties, for example, rely on monitoring uranium supplies and enrichment fac...
more Disputed source (2026)

added 2mo ago

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José Cepeda
Spanish MEP (S&D); co-rapporteur for the EU Parliament's approval of the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI

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votes For and says:

The conclusion of the Framework Convention showcases the EU's commitment to safe development and deployment of AI. [...] AI must serve people, strengthen open societies, and uphold a European model founded on human dignity, transparency, and accounta...
more Disputed source (2026)

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Against (13)

Matt Sheehan
Senior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, specializing in China’s artificial intelligence ecosystem and global technology issues.

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votes Against and says:

The U.S. and China won’t move in lockstep on AI safety, and forging mutually binding agreements with real teeth is probably not possible right now.
AI Verified source (Jul 23, 2026)

added 7d ago

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Government of Australia
Government of Australia speaking through its delegate at the UN Global Dialogue on Artificial Intelligence Governance in July 2026.

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votes Against and says:

A one-size-fits-all approach to AI governance will not be effective. We all face different risks, priorities, levels of digital development, and regulatory environments. Effective governance requires shared principles that can be implemented flexibly...
more AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

added 5d ago

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Katie Strickland
U.S. senior official speaking at the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance in July 2026.

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votes Against and says:

Voluntary cooperation between the two is the only AI security approach agile enough to meet challenges as they arise without stifling innovation.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

added 19d ago

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Chris Bates
International trade and regulatory lawyer who gave evidence to the UK Parliament on AI and international standards.

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votes Against and says:

There is no common international standard, and I do not see there being one any time soon, because people see their own system as providing them with a form of competitive advantage that they are unlikely to be willing to give up in the name of inter...
more AI Verified source (Jun 16, 2026)

added 13d ago

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Delegate
Nicolette Butler
Academic expert on international trade law and treaty scrutiny who gave evidence to the UK Parliament.

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votes Against and says:

MoUs are entirely appropriate. Co-operation on AI, which we have mentioned, could be a really good candidate for a non-binding agreement in this regard.
AI Verified source (Jun 16, 2026)

added 13d ago

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Delegate
Brad Smith
Microsoft vice chair and president

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votes Against and says:

If somebody says, 'This technology is so powerful that we need a global treaty to slow it down,' then I would say: Then take your foot off the accelerator yourself if you think it's moving too fast.
AI Verified source (Jun 16, 2026)

added 1mo ago

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Delegate
Lauren Lovelace
U.S. Mission counselor at the United Nations

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votes Against and says:

a significant overreach of the U.N.'s mandate and competence [...] AI governance is not a matter for the U.N. to dictate. [...] We will not cede authority over AI to international bodies that may be influenced by authoritarian regimes seeking to impo...
more AI Verified source (Feb 12, 2026)

added 2mo ago

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Delegate
Lord Markham
Conservative member of the UK House of Lords; supports strong AI safety monitoring, alignment checks, and kill-switch research.

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votes Against and says:

For me, a one-sided moratorium which ties our hands behind our backs while the likes of North Korea and the al-Qaedas of the world crack on: no, I am afraid that that worries me even more.
AI Verified source (Jan 29, 2026)

added 13d ago

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Baroness Neville-Jones
British Conservative life peer and former UK security minister.

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votes Against and says:

I am therefore pessimistic about getting an international dialogue going on the basis of a moratorium, and I think, as the noble Lord just said, that we have to act on our own recognisance.
AI Verified source (Jan 29, 2026)

added 13d ago

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Lord Stevenson of Balmacara
Labour life peer and member of the UK House of Lords.

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votes Against and says:

There seems to be little chance of seeing an international agreement on the approach to be taken, let alone having a body with powers to enforce decisions.
AI Verified source (Jan 29, 2026)

added 13d ago

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Delegate
Michael Kratsios
U.S. OSTP Director

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votes Against and says:

We totally reject global governance of AI. We believe AI adoption cannot lead to a brighter future if it is subject to bureaucracies and centralized control. Prioritizing AI for your people does not mean joining international efforts that are either ...
more AI Verified source (2026) 1 of 2

added 4mo ago

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Delegate
Ian J. Stewart
Nonproliferation expert and scholar

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votes Against and says:

It is also not clear that AI can be safeguarded in a way that’s comparable to nuclear materials.
AI Verified source (Jun 9, 2023) 1 of 2

added 5mo ago

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Delegate
Malcolm Davis
Senior analyst, Australian Strategic Policy Institute

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votes Against and says:

Our authoritarian adversaries, like Russia and China, and rogue states like North Korea are not going to sign up to this ban, he said. [Automated weapons] will completely change the speed and efficiency with which armies can kill the other side, he ...
more Disputed source (2017)

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More h/ai-safety votes

Require large datacenters to install kill switches for AI containment

Mandate 72-hour reporting of critical AI safety incidents to a national authority

Ban open source AI models capable of creating WMDs

Pausing AI at human-genius level to solve alignment is safer than either racing to superintelligence or halting entirely

Democracies should share frontier AI models with allies

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