Nations should negotiate a binding international treaty on AI safety, similar to nuclear non-proliferation

policy regulations international-relations research-policy ai-governance ai-policy ai-regulation ai-ethics ai-safety

Arguments for

Binding rules over voluntarism

Supporters argue that AI is advancing faster than diplomacy and that voluntary principles, ethical statements, and repeated gatherings are not enough. They call for binding and enforceable legal obligations, backed by evidence, public-participation mechanisms, and international coordination, to keep governance from lagging behind the technology.

That is why a comprehensive governance framework should combine binding legal obligations with ethical standards supported by an independent global evidence base and continued international dialogue to harmonize governance approaches.

Government of Bangladesh · Jul 7, 2026 · full quote
Legal and governance frameworks must therefore be enforceable nationally and supra-nationally, voluntary principles are important, but they are not enough.

Russell Dlamini · Jul 6, 2026 · full quote
Yesterday I came to this dialogue with one clear conviction: the world needs a binding framework for the use of AI.

Alexander Pröll · Jul 7, 2026 · full quote
If there is one clear takeaway from the India AI Impact Summit, it is that these gatherings have time and again proven largely irrelevant and ineffective at advancing binding rights protections or the safeguards necessary in the context of immense AI investment. [...] States must…

Erika Guevara Rosas · Feb 20, 2026 · full quote
AI governance structure must reflect unity of purpose, and our divisions should not allow technology to outrun diplomacy. This Global Dialogue is not merely a forum, it is a deciding forum.

Kirti Bardhan Singh · Jul 7, 2026 · full quote

Precedent from dangerous technologies

Proponents say the world has already built treaties and institutions for other dangerous technologies, especially nuclear weapons and related domains, and that these experiences show common rules are possible. In this view, AI should likewise be addressed through an international treaty framework rather than left to ad hoc national action.

Based on my experience over a long career as a US diplomat working on nuclear nonproliferation treaties, I fully support this letter calling for the negotiation of an international AI safety treat. History has demonstrated the effectiveness of international treaties and regimes l…

Geoffrey Odlum · Oct 30, 2023 · full quote
Because of the United States’ commitment to human rights, and to ensure those rights are enshrined in its use, the United States should lead in the formulation and ratification of a global treaty on artificial intelligence in the vein of the Geneva Conventions, the Chemical Weapo…

Future of Defense Task Force Report 2020 · Sep 23, 2020 · full quote
Humanity has worked out certain rules related to the use of nuclear technologies, including those in the military field: non-proliferation. It formulated the rules for non-proliferation of delivery vehicles and nuclear technologies as such. There are such rules. Humanity has mana…

Vladimir Putin · Nov 24, 2023 · full quote
governing nuclear technology to avoid a global catastrophe required international cooperation. [...] the development of advanced artificial intelligence.

Andrea Miotti · Sep 15, 2023 · full quote
The view that “mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war” is now mainstream, with that statement being endorsed by a who’s who of AI experts and thought leaders from industry, acade…

The FLI Team · May 30, 2023 · full quote

Prevent domination and catastrophe

This line of argument holds that advanced AI could enable domination, digital tyranny, extinction-level danger, or a race to the bottom among companies and states. Because dangerous development could otherwise relocate across borders, supporters say only multinational agreements, moratoria, or prohibitions can credibly reduce those risks.

The simplest form of treaty would be something like this, that the countries agree that if they do develop advanced AI: * That it will be done in a safe way. So maybe using techniques like Scientist AI or whatever else we have strong assurances for. * Second, that they wouldn’t u…

Yoshua Bengio · May 7, 2026 · full quote
This unprecedented concentration of power must not become an instrument of totalitarian control, a new digital tyranny that infringes upon national sovereignty and individual liberty. It is our shared responsibility to create a robust international legal architecture that will ba…

Mikheil Kavelashvili · Jul 6, 2026 · full quote
We cannot ignore the danger of a race to the bottom between competing tech companies or between states, rogue or otherwise. A moratorium and binding international regulation of ASI is, frankly, our only hope, however hard it will be to agree. It will be even harder to enforce, bu…

Lord Strasburger · 2026 · full quote
The moratorium on new large training runs needs to be indefinite and worldwide. There can be no exceptions, including for governments or militaries. If the policy starts with the U.S., then China needs to see that the U.S. is not seeking an advantage but rather trying to prevent …

Eliezer Yudkowsky · 2023 · full quote
Make immediate multinational agreements to prevent the prohibited activities from moving elsewhere. [...] preventing AI extinction scenarios is considered a priority above preventing a [...] nuclear exchange

Eliezer Yudkowsky · 2023 · full quote

Rights-based inclusive framework

Another argument is that a treaty should anchor AI in human rights, democracy, dignity, transparency, accountability, and equitable treatment of developing countries while respecting sovereign rights. Supporters point to the Council of Europe framework convention as an existing milestone and urge broader signing and ratification.

Council of Europe's Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law, the Vilnius Convention, represent a major milestone.

Government of Lithuania · Jul 7, 2026 · full quote
On 5 December 2024, the Council of Europe adopted the world's first legally binding international AI treaty, the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. And do you know what? Only 70 countries signed this treaty. Two years …

Larysa Bilozir · Jun 24, 2026 · full quote
The conclusion of the Framework Convention showcases the EU's commitment to safe development and deployment of AI. [...] AI must serve people, strengthen open societies, and uphold a European model founded on human dignity, transparency, and accountability.

José Cepeda · 2026 · full quote
First of all, the adoption of an international framework for AI governance which respects all and which has clear international rules respecting the rights of developing countries and the sovereign rights of countries to equitably be represented in their data, amongst other thing…

Almadou Ag Iliane · Jul 7, 2026 · full quote
The Framework Convention is an open treaty with a potentially global reach. I hope [...] followed quickly by ratifications

Marija Pejčinović Burić · Sep 5, 2024 · full quote

Verification is feasible

Supporters contend that an AI treaty need not be merely symbolic because compliance mechanisms can be designed. They point to monitoring, auditing, independent testing, verification organizations, and limits on compute as ways to adapt non-proliferation-style assurance to AI.

The assurance dilemma has a solution in the form of assurance mechanisms: processes that allow parties to verify compliance with agreements. [...] Nuclear non-proliferation treaties, for example, rely on monitoring uranium supplies and enrichment facilities through a global netwo…

Anthony Aguirre · 2026 · full quote
Such an agreement would require a new verification organization, analogous to the International Atomic Energy Agency, [...]. But if we could achieve pathbreaking agreements on nonproliferation [...].

Seth Moulton · 2023 · full quote
The IAEA presents a clear verification methodology that could be used as a model for AI governance. The organization is responsible for promoting nuclear security by preventing nuclear proliferation, promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and verifying compliance with the …

Akash Wasil · Nov 20, 2024 · full quote
First of all, let’s not forget that A.I. is a tremendous opportunity — if used responsibly. But responsibility at the frontier cannot be left to chance or to any single company or country. Just as the world built institutions to govern nuclear power — with the IAEA at the core of…

Ursula von der Leyen · 2024 · full quote
The agreement should establish an upper limit on computing power: [...] Think of this as an inverse Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

Sundeep Waslekar · 2025 · full quote

Arguments against

Sovereignty and overreach

Opponents argue that AI governance should not be dictated by international bodies because that would create centralized control, bureaucracy, and a loss of national self-determination. Some also warn that international institutions could be influenced by authoritarian regimes seeking to impose their own model of surveillance and control.

We totally reject global governance of AI. We believe AI adoption cannot lead to a brighter future if it is subject to bureaucracies and centralized control. Prioritizing AI for your people does not mean joining international efforts that are either purely symbolic or a sacrifice…

Michael Kratsios · 2026 · full quote
We totally reject all efforts by international bodies to assert centralized control and global governance of AI. [...] Ideological fixations on social equity, climate catastrophism and so-called existential risk are dangers to progress and obstacles to responsibly harnessing this…

Michael Kratsios · Sep 24, 2025 · full quote
a significant overreach of the U.N.'s mandate and competence [...] AI governance is not a matter for the U.N. to dictate. [...] We will not cede authority over AI to international bodies that may be influenced by authoritarian regimes seeking to impose their vision of controlled …

Lauren Lovelace · Feb 12, 2026 · full quote

Nuclear model mismatch

Critics say the nuclear governance model is not a good template for regulating AI or AGI. They argue it is not clear that AI can be safeguarded in a way comparable to nuclear materials, weakening the case for a non-proliferation-style treaty.

But the nuclear governance model is actually not a good one for regulation of Artificial General Intelligence.

Ian J. Stewart · 2023 · full quote
It is also not clear that AI can be safeguarded in a way that’s comparable to nuclear materials.

Ian J. Stewart · Jun 9, 2023 · full quote

Self-restraint over treaty

One objection is that actors who believe AI is moving too fast should slow their own development rather than seek a global treaty to slow everyone else. On this view, direct self-restraint is a more appropriate response than international negotiation.

If somebody says, 'This technology is so powerful that we need a global treaty to slow it down,' then I would say: Then take your foot off the accelerator yourself if you think it's moving too fast.

Brad Smith · Jun 16, 2026 · full quote

Nonparticipation problem

Skeptics argue that adversaries, rogue states, or terrorists are unlikely to sign up to a ban or treaty. That raises doubts about whether an international agreement would constrain the actors of greatest concern.

Our authoritarian adversaries, like Russia and China, and rogue states like North Korea are not going to sign up to this ban, he said. [Automated weapons] will completely change the speed and efficiency with which armies can kill the other side, he said. They will be weapons of …

Malcolm Davis · 2017 · full quote

Insights

Supporters repeatedly invoke nuclear, chemical, biological, and Geneva-style precedents, while opponents specifically dispute whether AI is analogous enough to nuclear technology for safeguards and verification.
Within the pro-treaty camp, proposed measures range from broad governance frameworks to moratoria or outright prohibition of superintelligent systems.
Several supportive quotes treat dialogue, summits, and exploratory work as necessary steps, but others argue such forums have been ineffective without binding obligations.
The Council of Europe framework convention appears in multiple supportive quotes as a concrete starting point, alongside calls for more countries to sign and ratify it.
Even many supportive quotes pair international rules with language about sovereignty, representation, shared benefits, or rights, showing that treaty advocates are not presenting global governance as authority without limits.

The debate turns on whether AI is similar enough to other dangerous technologies to justify a binding and verifiable international regime, and whether such a regime can be built without undermining national control. Supporters describe enforceable global rules as necessary to address cross-border risks, concentration of power, and rights protections, while opponents question the fit of the nuclear analogy, resist centralized governance, and doubt that key actors would comply.

Cast your vote:

Results (49 votes):

Total (49 votes)

For 44 (90%) Abstain 0 (0%) Against 5 (10%)

For (40)

Franco Giandana Di Gena
Policy analyst at Access Now.

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votes For and says:

We therefore echo calls for the adoption of human rights-centered binding legal standards and global governance mechanisms to regulate digital surveillance technologies and AI, also addressing chilling effects.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Almadou Ag Iliane
Mali's Minister of Communication, Digital Economy and Modernization of the Administration.

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votes For and says:

First of all, the adoption of an international framework for AI governance which respects all and which has clear international rules respecting the rights of developing countries and the sovereign rights of countries to equitably be represented in t...
more AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Kirti Bardhan Singh
India's Minister of State for External Affairs.

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votes For and says:

AI governance structure must reflect unity of purpose, and our divisions should not allow technology to outrun diplomacy. This Global Dialogue is not merely a forum, it is a deciding forum.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Government of Lithuania
Government of Lithuania speaking through its delegate at the UN Global Dialogue on Artificial Intelligence Governance in July 2026.

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votes For and says:

Council of Europe's Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law, the Vilnius Convention, represent a major milestone.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Government of Bangladesh
National government of Bangladesh, speaking through its delegation at the UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance in July 2026.

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votes For and says:

That is why a comprehensive governance framework should combine binding legal obligations with ethical standards supported by an independent global evidence base and continued international dialogue to harmonize governance approaches.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Shaikh Abdullah bin Ahmed Al Khalifa
Bahrain's Minister of Transportation and Telecommunications.

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votes For and says:

Bahrain is leading the efforts of exploratory work for initiating a study for a global AI treaty initiative aimed at strengthening international dialogue and cooperation on the governance of AI-related risks.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Alexander Pröll
Austrian State Secretary for Digitalisation in the Federal Chancellery.

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votes For and says:

Yesterday I came to this dialogue with one clear conviction: the world needs a binding framework for the use of AI.
AI Verified source (Jul 7, 2026)

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Annalena Baerbock
President of the UN General Assembly

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votes For and says:

Because something with such power, with such profound implications for our economies, our social systems, our defence and therefore our peace and security, but especially for even our homes, our food, our children's bedrooms, can only be meaningfully...
more AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026)

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Russell Dlamini
Prime Minister of Eswatini

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votes For and says:

Legal and governance frameworks must therefore be enforceable nationally and supra-nationally, voluntary principles are important, but they are not enough.
AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026)

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Mikheil Kavelashvili
President of Georgia

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votes For and says:

This unprecedented concentration of power must not become an instrument of totalitarian control, a new digital tyranny that infringes upon national sovereignty and individual liberty. It is our shared responsibility to create a robust international l...
more AI Verified source (Jul 6, 2026)

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Danuta Jazłowiecka
Polish parliamentarian and member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

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votes For and says:

At the end, let me remind you: two years ago, the Council of Europe adopted the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence. To date, only 20 countries and with them the European Union, on behalf of their member states, have signed the Convention...
more AI Verified source (Jun 24, 2026)

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Richard Baker
British parliamentarian and member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

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votes For and says:

This report states that it is a "fallacious argument that regulation is an impediment to innovation" for AI, and it is the Council of Europe which has led the way on this vital issue with the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human ...
more AI Verified source (Jun 24, 2026)

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Larysa Bilozir
Ukrainian parliamentarian and member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

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votes For and says:

On 5 December 2024, the Council of Europe adopted the world's first legally binding international AI treaty, the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. And do you know what? Only 70 countries ...
more AI Verified source (Jun 24, 2026)

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Yoshua Bengio
AI Pioneer, Turing Award winner

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votes For and says:

The simplest form of treaty would be something like this, that the countries agree that if they do develop advanced AI: * That it will be done in a safe way. So maybe using techniques like Scientist AI or whatever else we have strong assurances for. ...
more AI Verified source (May 7, 2026) 1 of 2

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Mogens Jensen
Danish parliamentarian and rapporteur at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

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votes For and says:

In particular, member states should, and I have a number of recommendations, clarify in their national legislation that text and data mining exceptions are not applicable to the training of AI systems. They should sign and ratify the Council of Europ...
more AI Verified source (Apr 23, 2026)

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Alain Berset
Secretary General, Council of Europe

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votes For and says:

The AI Convention is binding, but flexible.
AI Verified source (Jan 20, 2026)

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Baroness Foster of Aghadrumsee
Non-affiliated life peer and former First Minister of Northern Ireland

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votes For and says:

At a recent conference in Kuala Lumpur on responsible AI, a joint declaration was issued calling for international co-operation to establish global readiness for the responsible use of AI in the common interest of humanity. The declaration urged parl...
more AI Verified source (Jan 8, 2026)

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PauseAI
Global campaign to pause frontier AI

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votes For and says:

This is our nuclear moment. Rapid AI advancement represents one of history’s most consequential and dangerous technological shifts. We demand that politicians and companies pause AGI development until international safety agreements are established. ...
more AI Verified source (Dec 31, 2025)

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Robi Rahman
AI governance writer, MIRI TGT

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votes For and says:

An ASI nonproliferation agreement can be effective even without complete worldwide adoption.
AI Verified source (Nov 25, 2025)

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Marija Pejčinović Burić
Council of Europe Secretary General

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votes For and says:

The Framework Convention is an open treaty with a potentially global reach. I hope [...] followed quickly by ratifications
AI Verified source (Sep 5, 2024)

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Rufo Guerreschi
Policy writer, Trustless Computing Association

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votes For and says:

Back in 1946, as the world grappled with the looming threat of nuclear weapons, [...] a treaty-making process for an International AI Development Authority [...].
AI Verified source (2024)

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Vladimir Putin
President of Russia

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votes For and says:

Humanity has worked out certain rules related to the use of nuclear technologies, including those in the military field: non-proliferation. It formulated the rules for non-proliferation of delivery vehicles and nuclear technologies as such. There are...
more AI Verified source (Nov 24, 2023)

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Geoffrey Odlum
Former US diplomat, NSC director

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votes For and says:

Based on my experience over a long career as a US diplomat working on nuclear nonproliferation treaties, I fully support this letter calling for the negotiation of an international AI safety treat. History has demonstrated the effectiveness of intern...
more AI Verified source (Oct 30, 2023)

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Andrea Miotti
Founder and CEO of ControlAI

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votes For and says:

governing nuclear technology to avoid a global catastrophe required international cooperation. [...] the development of advanced artificial intelligence.
AI Verified source (Sep 15, 2023)

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Peter Bittner
International relations commentator

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votes For and says:

A bilateral U.S.-China agreement on AI regulation could be instrumental in managing this threat, using the NPT as a model.
AI Verified source (Aug 18, 2023)

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The FLI Team
AI safety think tank staff

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votes For and says:

The view that “mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war” is now mainstream, with that statement being endorsed by a who’s who of AI experts and though...
more AI Verified source (May 30, 2023)

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Seth Moulton
U.S. Representative from Massachusetts

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votes For and says:

Such an agreement would require a new verification organization, analogous to the International Atomic Energy Agency, [...]. But if we could achieve pathbreaking agreements on nonproliferation [...].
AI Verified source (2023)

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Eliezer Yudkowsky
AI researcher and writer

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votes For and says:

Make immediate multinational agreements to prevent the prohibited activities from moving elsewhere. [...] preventing AI extinction scenarios is considered a priority above preventing a [...] nuclear exchange
Unverified source (2023) 1 of 2

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Delegate
Fu Cong
Chinese arms control diplomat

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votes For and says:

We should push forward negotiations on cyber space, outer space, artificial intelligence [...] concluding legally-binding international instruments or codes of conduct as soon as possible
AI Verified source (Nov 12, 2020)

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Future of Defense Task Force Report 2020
House Armed Services Committee report

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votes For and says:

Because of the United States’ commitment to human rights, and to ensure those rights are enshrined in its use, the United States should lead in the formulation and ratification of a global treaty on artificial intelligence in the vein of the Geneva C...
more AI Verified source (Sep 23, 2020)

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Lord Fairfax of Cameron
Scottish hereditary peer; Conservative member of the UK House of Lords; AI safety advocate

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votes For and says:

In the face of these threats, I urge the Government to take the following steps: first, to publicly recognise that superintelligence poses an extinction threat to humanity; secondly, for the UK to prevent the development of superintelligence on its s...
more Unverifiable source (Jan 8, 2026)

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Lord Strasburger
Liberal Democrat life peer

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votes For and says:

A moratorium and binding international regulation of ASI is, frankly, our only hope, however hard it will be to agree. It will be even harder to enforce, but we have to do it; there is no choice.
Unverifiable source (Jan 29, 2026) 1 of 2

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Sundeep Waslekar
Strategic Foresight Group president

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votes For and says:

The agreement should establish an upper limit on computing power: [...] Think of this as an inverse Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
Unverifiable source (2025)

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Akash Wasil
Lawfare contributing writer

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votes For and says:

The IAEA presents a clear verification methodology that could be used as a model for AI governance. The organization is responsible for promoting nuclear security by preventing nuclear proliferation, promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and ...
more Unverifiable source (Nov 20, 2024)

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Pope Francis
Head of the Catholic Church (2013–2025)

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votes For and says:

I urge the global community of nations [...] to adopt a binding international treaty that regulates the development and use of artificial intelligence in its many forms.
Unverifiable source (2023)

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Erika Guevara Rosas
Amnesty International senior director

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votes For and says:

If there is one clear takeaway from the India AI Impact Summit, it is that these gatherings have time and again proven largely irrelevant and ineffective at advancing binding rights protections or the safeguards necessary in the context of immense AI...
more Disputed source (Feb 20, 2026)

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Demis Hassabis
Nobel laureate, AI Researcher and CEO of DeepMind

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votes For and says:

It's very important that we have international summits to bring the international community together [...] make sure the opportunities benefit the whole world
Disputed source (Feb 18, 2026)

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Anthony Aguirre
Physicist; Future of Life cofounder

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votes For and says:

The assurance dilemma has a solution in the form of assurance mechanisms: processes that allow parties to verify compliance with agreements. [...] Nuclear non-proliferation treaties, for example, rely on monitoring uranium supplies and enrichment fac...
more Disputed source (2026)

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José Cepeda
Spanish MEP (S&D); co-rapporteur for the EU Parliament's approval of the Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI

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votes For and says:

The conclusion of the Framework Convention showcases the EU's commitment to safe development and deployment of AI. [...] AI must serve people, strengthen open societies, and uphold a European model founded on human dignity, transparency, and accounta...
more Disputed source (2026)

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Ursula von der Leyen
President of the European Commission

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votes For and says:

First of all, let’s not forget that A.I. is a tremendous opportunity — if used responsibly. But responsibility at the frontier cannot be left to chance or to any single company or country. Just as the world built institutions to govern nuclear power ...
more Disputed source (2024)

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Abstain (0)

Against (5)

Brad Smith
Microsoft vice chair and president

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votes Against and says:

If somebody says, 'This technology is so powerful that we need a global treaty to slow it down,' then I would say: Then take your foot off the accelerator yourself if you think it's moving too fast.
AI Verified source (Jun 16, 2026)

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Michael Kratsios
U.S. OSTP Director

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votes Against and says:

We totally reject global governance of AI. We believe AI adoption cannot lead to a brighter future if it is subject to bureaucracies and centralized control. Prioritizing AI for your people does not mean joining international efforts that are either ...
more AI Verified source (2026) 1 of 2

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Ian J. Stewart
Nonproliferation expert and scholar

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votes Against and says:

It is also not clear that AI can be safeguarded in a way that’s comparable to nuclear materials.
AI Verified source (Jun 9, 2023) 1 of 2

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Lauren Lovelace
U.S. Mission counselor at the United Nations

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votes Against and says:

a significant overreach of the U.N.'s mandate and competence [...] AI governance is not a matter for the U.N. to dictate. [...] We will not cede authority over AI to international bodies that may be influenced by authoritarian regimes seeking to impo...
more Disputed source (Feb 12, 2026)

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Malcolm Davis
Senior analyst, Australian Strategic Policy Institute

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votes Against and says:

Our authoritarian adversaries, like Russia and China, and rogue states like North Korea are not going to sign up to this ban, he said. [Automated weapons] will completely change the speed and efficiency with which armies can kill the other side, he ...
more Disputed source (2017)

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More h/ai-safety votes

Mandate reporting of AI training runs above 10²⁶ FLOPs to a designated national or international authority

Mandate big AI companies spend 30% of compute on AI safety

AI value alignment must be subject to public deliberation, not decided by developers alone

Require open source AI models to include safety benchmarks in release notes

If leading AI labs adopted a windfall clause (pre-committing to broadly share profits above a high threshold), it would meaningfully reduce competitive pressure to cut safety corners

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